Interactions between water depth, velocity and body size on fish swimming performance: Implications for “fish-friendly” culvert design

Culverts are everywhere in urban and rural landscapes. Designed primarily to move water, they often create issues for fish movement. While there is a general consensus that larger fish struggle with shallow water, and smaller fish struggle against higher water velocities, there has been no data specific for Australian fish available to aid fisheries managers and civil engineers designing ‘fish-friendly’ structures.